This lot is all V+ or better Some are close to E. Occasional small edge chip, dnap, no deep gouges digs, etc.

Here's the list:
1. Hank Thompson 2553 2. Hank Thompson Merle Travis 3440 3. Hank Thompson 2823 4. Hank Thompson 3188 5. Hank Thompson 40112 6. Hank Thompson 2920 7. Ernest Tubb 28630 DJ 8. Ernest Tubb 46150 9. Ernest Tubb 46213

WIKIPEDIA:

his article is about "hillbilly" as a slang term. For the historical subculture, see . For different connotations, see . The clan (1897)

"Hillbilly" is a term (often ) for people who dwell in , mountainous areas in the , primarily in southern and the . The term was later used to refer to people from other rural and mountainous areas west of the too, particularly those of the and near the .

The first known instances of "hillbilly" in print were in The Railroad Trainmen's Journal (vol. ix, July 1892), an 1899 photograph of men and women in labeled "Camp Hillbilly", and a 1900 article containing the definition: "a Hill-Billie is a free and untrammeled white citizen of , who lives in the hills, has no means to speak of, dresses as he can, talks as he pleases, drinks whiskey when he gets it, and fires off his revolver as the fancy takes him". The is twofold in that it incorporates both positive and negative traits: "Hillbillies" are often considered independent and self-reliant individuals who resist the modernization of society, but at the same time they are also defined as backward and violent. Scholars argue this duality is reflective of the split ethnic identities in white America. The term's later usage extended beyond solely white communities, exemplified with the "Hispanic hillbillies of northern ," in reference to the .

Contents Etymology and history

The were settled in the 18th century by settlers primarily from England, lowland Scotland, and the province of in . The settlers from Ulster were mainly who migrated to Ireland from and during the in the 17th century. Many further migrated to the American colonies beginning in the 1730s, and in America became known as the .

Scholars argue that the term "hillbilly" originated from the Scottish dialect. The term "hill-folk" referred to people who preferred isolation from the greater society, and "billy" meant "comrade" or "companion". It is suggested that "hill-folk" and "Billie" were combined when the fled to the hills of southern Scotland. There is also the belief that most of the settlers from Scotland and Northern Ireland were followers of King William of Orange. 'Billy' is a diminutive of 'William' common across the British and Irish isles. The term hillbilly connects the people who settled in America in the hills and who were Williamites. In the 17th century Ireland, during the , Protestant supporters of ("King Billy") were often referred to as "Billy's Boys". Some scholars disagree with this theory. Michael Montgomery's From Ulster to America: The Scotch-Irish Heritage of American English states, "In Ulster in recent years it has sometimes been supposed that it was coined to refer to followers of King William III and brought to America by early Ulster emigrants, but this derivation is almost certainly incorrect. ... In America hillbilly was first attested only in 1898, which suggests a later, independent development."

The term "hillbilly" spread in the years following the . At this time, the country was developing both technologically and socially, but the Appalachian region was falling behind. Before the war, Appalachia was not distinctively different from other rural areas of the country. Post-war, although the pushed farther west, the region maintained frontier characteristics. The Appalachians themselves were perceived as backward, quick to violence, and inbred in their isolation. Fueled by news stories of mountain feuds such as that in the 1880s between the , the hillbilly stereotype developed in the late 19th to early 20th century.

The "classic" hillbilly stereotype reached its current characterization during the years of the . The period of Appalachian out-migration, roughly from the 1930s through the 1950s, saw many mountain residents moving north to the Midwestern industrial cities of , , , and .

This movement to Northern society, which became known as the "", brought these previously isolated communities into mainstream United States culture. In response, poor white mountaineers became central characters in newspapers, pamphlets, and eventually, motion pictures. Authors at the time were inspired by historical figures such as and . The mountaineer image transferred over to the 20th century where the "hillbilly" stereotype emerged.

In popular culture

Pop culture has perpetuated the "hillbilly" stereotype. Scholarly works suggest that the media has exploited both the Appalachian region and people by classifying them as "hillbillies". These generalizations do not match the cultural experiences of Appalachians. Appalachians, like many other groups, do not subscribe to a single . One of the issues associated with stereotyping is that it is profitable. When "hillbilly" became a widely used term, entrepreneurs saw a window for potential revenue. They "recycled" the image and brought it to life through various forms of media.

The comics portrayed hillbilly stereotypes, notably in two strips, and . Both characters were introduced in 1934. Television and film have portrayed "hillbillies" in both derogatory and sympathetic terms. Films such as or the series portrayed the "hillbilly" as wild but good-natured. Television programs of the 1960s such as , , and especially , portrayed the "hillbilly" as backwards but with enough wisdom to outwit more sophisticated city folk. 's Festus Haggen was portrayed as intelligent and quick-witted (but lacking "education"). The popular 1970s television variety show regularly lampooned the stereotypical "hillbilly" lifestyle. A darker negative image of the hillbilly was introduced to another generation in the film (1972), based on a by , which depicted some "hillbillies" as genetically deficient, , and murderous. Similar "evil hillbilly people"-type have also been seen in a more comical light in the 1988 horror film , but the 2010 horror comedy film even parodies hillbilly stereotyping. More recently, the TV series (2010-2015) was centered around U. S. Marshal Raylan Givens who was reassigned to his hometown in where he was in conflict with Boyd Crowder, a drug dealer who had grown up with Raylan. The show's plots often included "hillbilly" tropes such as dimwitted and easily manipulated men, use of homemade drugs, and snake-handling revivalists.

"Hillbillies" were at the center of reality television in the 21st century. Network television shows such as The Real Beverly Hillbillies, High Life, and displayed the "hillbilly" lifestyle for viewers in the United States. This sparked protests across the country with rural-minded individuals gathering to fight the stereotype. The Center for Rural Strategies started a nationwide campaign stating the stereotype was "politically incorrect". The Kentucky-based organization engaged political figures in the movement such as and . Both protestors argued that the discrimination of any other group in United States would not be tolerated, so neither should the discrimination against rural U.S. citizens. A 2003 piece published by read, "In this day of hypersensitivity to diversity and political correctness, Appalachians have been a group that it is still socially acceptable to demean and joke about. ... But rural folks have spoken up and said 'enough' to the Hollywood mockers."

(2016) is a memoir by about the Appalachian values of his upbringing and their relationship to the social problems of his hometown, . The book topped in August 2016.

A family of "Hill People", who are employed as migrant workers on a farm in 1952 Arkansas, have a major role in 's book , with Grisham trying to avoid stereotypes.

Music Main articles: , , , , and Migrant family from playing hill-billy songs (1939)

Hillbilly music was at one time considered an acceptable label for what is now known as . The label, coined in 1925 by country pianist , persisted until the 1950s.

The "hillbilly music" categorization covers a wide variety of musical genres including bluegrass, country, western, and gospel. Appalachian folk song existed long before the "hillbilly" label. When the commercial industry was combined with "traditional Appalachian folksong", "hillbilly music" was formed. Some argue this is a "High Culture" issue where sophisticated individuals may see something considered "unsophisticated" as "trash".

In the early-20th century, artists began to utilize the "hillbilly" label. The term gained momentum due to , the recording director of , who heard it being used among Southerners when he went down to Virginia to record the music and labeled all Southern country music as so from then on. entitled one of their songs "Hillbilly Rose" and followed with their song "Hillbilly Boogie". In 1927, the studios in , made a recording of black fiddler Jim Booker. The recordings were labeled "made for Hillbilly" in the Gennett files and were marketed to a white audience. Columbia Records had much success with the "Hill Billies" featuring and .

By the late-1940s, radio stations started to use the "hillbilly music" label. Originally, "hillbilly" was used to describe fiddlers and string bands, but now it was used to describe traditional Appalachian music. Appalachians had never used this term to describe their own music. Popular songs whose style bore characteristics of both hillbilly and music were referred to as and . was a prominent player of rockabilly and was known early in his career as the "Hillbilly Cat".

When the Country Music Association was founded in 1958, the term hillbilly music gradually fell out of use. The music industry merged hillbilly music, , and , to form the current category C&W, .

Some artists (notably ) and fans were offended by the "hillbilly music" label. While the term is not used as frequently today, it is still used on occasion to refer to or . For example, broadcasts a popular weekly radio show entitled "Hillbilly at Harvard". The show is devoted to playing a mix of , , and traditional .

Cultural implications

The hillbilly stereotype is considered to have had a traumatizing effect on some in the Appalachian region. Feelings of shame, self-hatred, and detachment are cited as a result of "culturally transmitted traumatic stress syndrome". Appalachian scholars say that the large-scale stereotyping has rewritten Appalachian history, making Appalachians feel particularly vulnerable. "Hillbilly" has now become part of Appalachian identity and some Appalachians feel they are constantly defending themselves against this image.

The stereotyping also has political implications for the region. There is a sense of "perceived history" that prevents many political issues from receiving adequate attention. Appalachians are often blamed for economic struggles. "Moonshiners, welfare cheats, and coal miners" are stereotypes stemming from the greater hillbilly stereotype in the region. This has been said to serve as a barrier for addressing some serious issues such as the economy and the environment.

Despite the political and social difficulties associated with stereotyping, Appalachians have organized to enact change. The is sometimes considered to be an example of one effort that allowed for Appalachian community organization. movements, protests, and strikes are common in the area, though not always successful.

Intragroup versus intergroup usage

The Chamber of Commerce once presented dignitaries visiting the city with an "Ozark Hillbilly Medallion" and a certificate proclaiming the honoree a "hillbilly of the Ozarks". On June 7, 1952, President received the medallion after a breakfast speech at the Shrine Mosque for the Association. Other recipients included generals and , , , and .

is an annual festival held in mid-April in celebrating the best of Appalachian culture. The event began by local Shriners as a fundraiser to support the Shriners Children's Hospital. It has grown since its beginning in 1976 and now is the second largest festival held in the state of Kentucky. Artists and craftspeople showcase their talents and sell their works on display. Nationally renowned musicians as well as the best of the regional mountain musicians share six different stages located throughout the downtown area of Pikeville. Aspiring hillbillies from across the nation compete to come up with the wildest Hillbilly outfit. The event has earned its name as the Mardi Gras of the Mountains. Fans of "mountain music" come from around the United States to hear this annual concentrated gathering of talent. Some refer to this event as the equivalent of a "Woodstock" for mountain music.

The term "Hillbilly" is used with pride by a number of people within the region as well as famous persons, such as singer , chef , and was used by actress . Positive self-identification with the term generally includes identification with a set of "hillbilly values" including love and respect for nature, strong work ethic, generosity toward neighbors and those in need, family ties, self-reliance, resiliency, and a simple lifestyle.

See also References
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African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia: A Study of Folk Tradition (1995), by Cecelia Conway

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